The rise of cryptocurrency has introduced a new dimension to estate planning. Unlike traditional assets like bank accounts or property, cryptocurrencies exist in a digital realm, secured by cryptography and decentralised networks. This presents unique challenges when it comes to inheritance. So what happens to cryptocurrency when you die? Let’s explore this complex issue and discuss how to ensure your crypto legacy is passed on according to your wishes.

Cryptocurrencies are digital assets that operate independently of central banks. They are secured by blockchain technology, a distributed ledger system that records all transactions across a network of computers. To access your cryptocurrencies, you need a private key, a complex string of characters that acts like a password. Losing this key means losing access to your assets forever.

Your cryptocurrencies are stored in a digital wallet, which can be:

• Hot Wallets: these are connected to the internet, offering convenience but increased vulnerability to hacking. Examples include exchange accounts (like Coinbase, Binance) and software wallets (like MetaMask).

• Cold Wallets: these are offline storage solutions, considered more secure. Examples include hardware wallets (like Ledger, Trezor) and paper wallets (where your private keys are printed).

Several factors complicate the inheritance of cryptocurrencies:

• Lack of Legal Framework: laws surrounding digital assets are still evolving, leading to uncertainty and potential disputes.

• Knowledge Gap: many people are unfamiliar with cryptocurrencies, including legal professionals. This can hinder the proper identification and valuation of digital assets in an estate.

• Security Risks: if your private keys are not securely stored and accessible to your beneficiaries, your crypto assets could be lost forever.

• Volatility: the value of cryptocurrencies can fluctuate dramatically, making it difficult to determine their worth at the time of death.

To ensure your cryptocurrencies are passed on according to your wishes, you need to take proactive steps:

Document Everything: create a detailed inventory of your crypto holdings, including:

• • types of cryptocurrencies owned;
  • amount of each cryptocurrency;
  • wallet type and location (online exchange, hardware wallet, etc.);
  • public addresses of your wallets; and
  • most importantly, securely store your private keys or seed phrases.

Update Your Will: explicitly mention your cryptocurrencies in your will, specifying how you want them to be distributed. You may also want to consider creating a separate memorandum or document specifically for your digital assets, as updating a will can be more complex.

Choose a Digital Executor: appoint someone you trust as your digital executor, who understands cryptocurrencies and can manage your digital assets according to your instructions.

Consider a Trust: a trust can provide more control and flexibility in managing your crypto assets after your death.

Use a Dead Man’s Switch: consider using a service that automatically releases your private keys to designated beneficiaries if you become inactive for a specified period.

• Don’t Rely Solely on Exchange Accounts: while convenient, exchange accounts are susceptible to hacks and regulatory changes. Consider transferring your assets to a more secure wallet.

• Prioritise Cold Storage: hardware wallets are generally considered the most secure option for storing cryptocurrencies.

• Use Strong Passwords and Two-Factor Authentication: protect your online accounts with strong, unique passwords and enable two-factor authentication.

• Educate Your Beneficiaries: ensure your loved ones understand the basics of cryptocurrency and how to access your digital assets.

• Keep Your Information Updated: regularly review and update your crypto inventory and estate plan to reflect any changes in your holdings or circumstances.

• Jurisdictional Variations: inheritance laws vary by jurisdiction. It’s essential to consult with an estate planning attorney who is knowledgeable about digital assets in your region.

• Tax Implications: cryptocurrencies are subject to capital gains tax. Your beneficiaries may need to pay taxes on any inherited crypto assets, depending on the tax laws in your jurisdiction.

Cryptocurrencies are a relatively new asset class, and the legal and practical frameworks surrounding their inheritance are still evolving. However, by taking proactive steps to plan for your digital legacy, you can ensure that your crypto assets are passed on to your loved ones according to your wishes. Remember to document your holdings, secure your private keys, update your will, and educate your beneficiaries. With careful planning and consideration, you can navigate the afterlife of your crypto and leave a lasting digital legacy.